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so a lot of science done every day on

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board the international space station a

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lot done in the year 2015 when two crew

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members scott kelly mikhail kornienko

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spent an entire year on board the

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station and they're set to come home in

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about two weeks joining me today here in

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mission control one of the brilliant

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minds that helps get a lot of that

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science done on board the orbiting

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laboratory julie robinson the chief

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scientist for the international space

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station program julie first off thanks

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so much for joining me today it's always

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great to kind of dig in your head and

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see what's going on behind the scenes to

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get all this work done

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and i want to jump right in if i can so

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scott and mikhail getting ready to come

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home in just about two weeks

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give an overview of just some of the

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stuff they've been doing during this

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year in space like how many

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investigations have they been you know

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kind of hands-on with even an estimate

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just over the last year yeah well over

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the course of the last year they've

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either touched or enabled

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scott probably about 340 different

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investigations there have been about 450

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that have gone on in some way shape or

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form over that last year so it's an

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incredibly busy place if you ask scott

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to tell you all the experiments he did

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he won't be able to remember that

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there's so many going on

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it'd be a heck of a final exam for him

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to try and list all those i bet but uh

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so i mean that's just the science that's

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been taking place on board

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it's not done once they leave is it like

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once they come home there's still a lot

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of work to do yeah to some extent the

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crew members themselves are part of the

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experiment not just operators of some of

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the experiments so a number of different

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measures have been taken of their bodies

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to understand the differences that

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happen to you when you go into space and

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especially to design ways to intervene

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and keep that from happening so that in

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the future explorers to mars

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will get there healthy and be able to do

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a successful mission but the really neat

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thing is that when we learn about those

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special things in the space environment

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some of that knowledge gives us

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something we wouldn't have learned here

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on earth and we bring that back home and

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that can make our lives better here as

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well all right and so they're set to

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come home in two weeks

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scott kelly mikhail kornienko so let's i

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mean let's talk specifically about scott

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kelly once he comes home

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he's still given that data for those

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experiments on his body right how long

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is that going to continue right so um

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there's a set of windows of research

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data that's collected the first data

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will actually

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be collected right there in kazakhstan

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after scott and misha land and that's

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for a joint study we have with our

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russian investigators called field test

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okay they'll be going through a variety

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of different tasks that look a lot like

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what you might have to do if you had

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just landed on the surface of mars and

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needed to connect to a habitat maybe

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they've been pre-positioned and there's

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no one there to help you they'll climb

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ladders they'll connect

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kind of valves and tubing they may do

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some programming they'll look at what

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would happen if you fell down and had to

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get back up by yourself and then

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scientists use all of those measurements

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to help determine if their balance and

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all of those different countermeasures

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that we're doing to help them recover

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from being in space would be suitable

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for the surface of mars okay but then

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after that there's a series of blood

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tests the crew members will start moving

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around they'll do their press

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conferences and we have different

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measurements that continue out they can

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go out as far as three years three years

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depending on if the crew members have

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lost bone what we found is that um it

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can take up to three years to recover

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base bone mass density also what's

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happening is the bones are remodeling so

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the structure inside the bone and

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outside the bone is different than when

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they launched it may be thicker on the

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outside more porous on the inside so to

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watch that process takes it takes about

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three years it sounds like no rest for

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the weary so fortunately they'll have a

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lot of time in between to do things as

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as we wait to take those final

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baseline data collection measure okay

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well to change gears a little bit so

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2015 obviously a very busy year a great

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year with the one-year crew on board but

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a lot of other stuff happening in the in

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the world of science on board the

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international space station now you

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right for an amazing science blog a lab

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a lot which if you're not following

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nasa blogs online look it up at lab

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aloft and you came up with or you came

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out with four

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really

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kind of groundbreaking or very

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interesting examples from 2015. i'd like

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to go through those real quick oh sure

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so first off was protein crystal growth

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and this is one that we've we've talked

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about quite a bit and it had some really

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exciting impacts to life right down here

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on earth right yeah the pathway from the

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research result in space to the benefit

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back here on earth it's a pretty long

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one and so this is exciting because this

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is a research that was done several

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years ago by our japanese colleagues on

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the space station and they flew a lot of

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different samples of proteins where they

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thought if we could get a slightly

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better structure we might be able to

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design a drug to help treat a disease

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and one of those proteins was in a

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protein that's important in duchenne's

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muscular dystrophy it's a genetic form

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of muscular dystrophy affects about one

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in ten thousand boys

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and they were able to get just ever so

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slightly better structure from a more

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pure crystal that they grew in space

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compared to the best structure we had

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from the ground

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with that structure they were able to

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determine why that protein in people

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with muscular dystrophy isn't shaped

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quite right and could be causing the

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problem and they invented or they

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designed a drug that might help to

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alleviate that

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and they went on to testing that

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designer drug basically in um

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first in animal models because there are

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some some some kinds of dogs that appear

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to have something that is also a genetic

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defect looks a lot like muscular

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dystrophy so they tried treating that it

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was pretty successful but just because

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it works in in a different organism for

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a slightly different disease doesn't

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mean it's ready for people and so what's

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really exciting is they have a set of

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clinical trials started now with a

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pharmaceutical company that is

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interested in developing and marketing

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the drug further and those those trials

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have started this year so that's a huge

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milestone at this point

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the science will tell up until the

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clinical trials start there's politics

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there's marketing there's business

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considerations and sometimes really good

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science just doesn't make it to the

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patient but now if if this is a good

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treatment it will make it i think all

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the way through and if it isn't then

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we'll know the facts and scientists can

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go on and look for another and that's i

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mean that's a really exciting step and

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that's benefiting people right down here

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on the ground

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one of the other things you highlighted

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though was something that we're still

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trying to solve in space now the vision

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problem is still one of those kind of

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long poles in the tent for us going to

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mars astronauts have fished but not all

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of them have vision changes and a paper

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was just published can you talk about

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that a little bit right so we it's

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really just been three or four years

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since we discovered that some astronauts

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were having vision changes and we found

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some a very select group of astronauts

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were actually having permanent serious

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vision changes that were not recovering

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when they returned to earth and it took

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time over the space station because not

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everybody has it

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well one really interesting thing our

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nutrition researchers scott smith and

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sarah zwart

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noticed a correlation in their nutrition

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data that the crew members that had

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vision losses also appeared to have low

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folate and they knew that low folate was

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associated with a specific mutation or

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specific polymorphism in people now

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polymorphism is a fancy word for a

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different version of a gene blue eyes is

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one polymorphism brown eyes is another

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in this case there are polymorphisms in

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the one carbon pathway which is the

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pathway by which your body makes energy

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oh out of its very pretty important

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pretty important pathway and

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some people with a specific version of

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that gene have

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problems with

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cardiovascular problems

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and they also have folate deficiencies

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so scott proposed a study to look at

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past astronauts that have flown

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and actually determine their gene for

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that polymorphism and then see if they

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had the vision loss and those uh that

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paper just came out in january it had

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really substantial results they're still

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correlational but they say hey it may be

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that there are these certain genes that

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are really associated with the

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astronauts that have the vision loss

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it's the first time we've ever done a

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genetic study of that type with

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astronauts that's a big step it's a big

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step and uh you know people talk about

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the twin study going on in the one year

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expedition that is the next set of

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studies that are really looking at uh

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genetic impacts on space flight what we

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do with the information is also pretty

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compelling because it's not ethical to

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take that information and tell someone

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they can't have their astronaut job

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anymore so you can't do that but it does

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give us all kinds of important

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scientific information and it lets crew

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members know their own personal risk of

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having a vision impact if they go into

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space and again just everything just

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trying to make the space flight

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environment safer you know for those men

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and women going up now let's just run

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through the next two real quick so

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rapid scat one of our external payloads

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has been making a couple of big splashes

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and there was one with heat pipes which

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you're going to have to re-enlighten me

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on okay well so rapid scat is one of our

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external instruments it's mounted

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outside the iss it's looking down at the

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earth it replaces an instrument on the

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quick scat satellite

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that

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failed and what this instrument does is

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it looks at the speed of winds right at

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the surface of the ocean and scientists

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at noaa use that data to model hurricane

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eyewall recycling so when there's a

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hurricane coming ashore

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there are two things you want to know

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right where is it going to come ashore

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and how strong is it going to be and how

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do i get out of here

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okay three things you want to know in

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houston but uh so the the big global

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models of the big winds and the big high

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and low pressure system that tells you

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kind of where it's going to go ashore

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but the eye wall recycling is what tells

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you how strong it's going to be because

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if it hits at the right time in the

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eyewall cycle it's maybe a category

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three if it hits at the worst time it

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could be a category five and and these

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uh data from the rapid scan instrument

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feed into that process and they're

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helping us do better modeling of all the

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hurricanes and so all last year every

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hurricane we had more information due to

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that rapids get instructed

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okay well i mean just to just to wrap it

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up just to close we've had 15 years now

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over 15 years of people on station signs

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taking place on station what's kind of

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your peak over the horizon of what's

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coming up

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well to me

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i think one of the most important things

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we're seeing is the growth of iss as a

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national lab so we have a number of

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different pharmaceutical companies that

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are planning on doing experiments eli

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lilly

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you talked about bass m which is

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millikin a number of companies coming

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forward and using that unique

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environment to innovate and to develop

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better ways to solve problems back here

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on earth and i think seeing that growth

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as as in parallel as we go along with

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understanding space flight better makes

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the space station just really unique all

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right well again julie robinson the

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chief scientist for the international

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space station program giving us a look

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at some of the big highlights from 2015

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and what's ahead thank you so much for

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joining me julie it's always informative